This book discusses how scientific and other types of cognition make use of models, abduction, and explanatory reasoning in order to produce important and innovative changes in theories and concepts. Gathering revised contributions presented at the international conference on Model-Based Reasoning, held on October 24–26 2018 in Seville, Spain, the book is divided into three main parts. The first focuses on models, reasoning, and representation. It highlights key theoretical concepts from an applied perspective, and addresses issues concerning information visualization, experimental (...) methods, and design. The second part goes a step further, examining abduction, problem solving, and reasoning. The respective papers assess different types of reasoning, and discuss various concepts of inference and creativity and their relationship with experimental data. In turn, the third part reports on a number of epistemological and technological issues. By analyzing possible contradictions in modern research and describing representative case studies, this part is intended to foster new discussions and stimulate new ideas. All in all, the book provides researchers and graduate students in the fields of applied philosophy, epistemology, cognitive science, and artificial intelligence alike with an authoritative snapshot of the latest theories and applications of model-based reasoning. (shrink)

La gamificación o ludificación, entendida como la aplicación de la filosofía del juego en contextos no lúdicos, está experimentando en los últimos años un desarrollo espectacular en áreas de diversa naturaleza. Si bien está más que comúnmente aceptado que las funciones principales de los museos consisten en preservar y dar a conocer sus colecciones, resulta fundamental que logren conectar de manera satisfactoria con los usuarios empleando para ello medios y estrategias innovadoras y accesibles. En las siguientes páginas ponemos de manifiesto (...) cómo la gamificación no es sino un recurso idóneo para motivar, fidelizar e influir en el comportamiento de los usuarios. (shrink)

"El amor en su singularidad erótica es tratado en esta obra desde el auspicio de la poesía y la filosofía, las cuales nos llevan de la mano a los desolados parajes del mundo biológico-psíquico para retener aquello de lo que "no se puede decir nada". Aun así, no es éste un intento de explicar fenomenológicamente el amor, sino una modesta evocación de los momentos y comportamientos humanos en su tránsito hacia el Eros y la experiencia que de ellos se ha (...) obtenido."-- Cubierta trasera. (shrink)

Toda moral centrada en el deber sin ninguna integración personal y responsable, puede ser el origen de un sentido de culpabilidad que dificulte cualquier proyecto de corrección. La recuperación de la idea de ética como camino a la realización personal, la consideración de la ética como ''vida buena'' para personas comprometidas con la justicia, nos permitirá entender la ética como una vía para alcanzar el equilibrio de las relaciones personales consigo mismas, otras cosas y las personas.

Partiendo de una interpretación en clave política de la filosofía de Baruch Spinoza pretendemos mostrar cómo la ideología neoliberal y su particular modo de entender el mundo y cómo debe ser la relación entre los sujetos, es un ingrediente clave para que los partidos y movimientos de extrema derecha logren sus objetivos. El proyecto político neoliberal sería incompatible no solo con la democracia, sino que con la sociedad humana misma y en consecuencia la aplicación de las recetas neoliberales desde los (...) años 80 sería la responsable de la actual crisis de las democracias occidentales que están dando lugar al crecimiento de las llamadas democracias iliberales que tanto preocupan a los teóricos de la política por cuanto suponen un gran paso atrás respecto a la conquista de derechos fundamentales y el mantenimiento de la paz social. (shrink)

Desde el Renacimiento, la utopía ha cumplido una función crítica con respecto al orden social establecido. La representación imaginativa de una sociedad perfecta se construye sobre la constatación de la injusticia de la realidad presente. Por oposición, la ideología, como representación que da identidad a una sociedad, desempeña la función de justificación del orden establecido. Ambas -utopía e ideología-, en su deformación, se oponen y se excluyen mutuamente, en tanto que evasión de la realidad o encubrimiento de la injusticia. En (...) su dimensión positiva, son complementarias. El problema que se plantea es si es posible, en nuestro tiempo, recuperar el impulso transformador que llevó al pensamiento utópico en la Modernidad a aspirar a una sociedad mundial más justa. (shrink)

La vida y obra de José Luis Aranguren siguen siendo válidas no sólo desde el punto de vista del pensamiento ético, sino también de la toma de conciencia del papel de los laicos en la Iglesia. La utilización por Aranguren de las ideas filosóficas de Zubiri para el estudio de la ética es una de las aportaciones más relevantes del pensamiento contemporáneo. A Aranguren hay que reconocerle la persistente relevancia que la Filosofía Moral tiene en nuestra tradición cultural.

Este trabajo pretende analizar críticamente la interpretación llevada a cabo por Étienne Balibar en relación con las tres antinomias de la igualibertad descritas en su obra, así como con las definiciones balibarianas de «ciudadanía social», «Constitución material» y «co-ciudadanía». Para ello, se hará un recorrido por el pensamiento del filósofo a través de su obra La igualibertad. A continuación, se confrontarán algunas de sus tesis con el propósito de mostrar sus límites internos a través de la filosofía del derecho mediante (...) la obra de Luigi Ferrajoli. Para terminar, se propone la propuesta de constitucionalismo garantista de Ferrajoli como posible superación de las antinomias planteadas por Balibar acerca de la igualibertad. (shrink)

En este artículo nos proponemos mostrar como el funcionamiento de los algoritmos compromete el fundamento ontológico de las propias democracias al fundamentarse, los algoritmos, en una tecnología de agregación de intereses individuales que llevan a la creación de cámaras de eco que, a la larga, radicalizan a los ciudadanos en sus propias creencias e ideologías, impidiendo el debate y comprometiendo con ello la base sobre la que se sustenta toda posibilidad democrática: el respeto por la opinión del otro. La aplicación (...) de los algoritmos acaba con toda posibilidad de debate racional sobre las diferentes posibilidades, limitando así su viabilidad en la aplicación al procedimiento democrático, lo cual hace que hablar sobre una democracia algorítmica se vuelva una contradicción in terminis. (shrink)

Psychological flexibility is a key concept of acceptation and commitment therapy. This factor has been linked with psychological wellbeing and associated factors, such as quality of life, in cancer patients. These and other positive results of acceptation and commitment therapy in cancer patients found in previous research could be enhanced by using mhealth tools. A three-arm randomized superiority clinical trial, with a pre-post-follow-up repeated measures intergroup design with a 1:1:1 allocation ratio is proposed. A hundred and twenty cancer patients will (...) be randomly assigned to one of the following interventions: face-to-face ACT + mobile application, face-to-face ACT, and Waitlist control group. The primary expected outcome is to observe significant improvements in psychological flexibility acceptance and action questionnaire- II in the face-to-face ACT + app group, after comparing baseline and post-treatment scores, and the scores will remain stable in the two assessment points, 3 and 6 months after the intervention. Secondary expected outcomes are significant increasing scores in quality of life and post-traumatic-growth, and significant decreasing scores in anxiety and depression, insomnia and fatigue at the same assessment points. Also, it is expected that the scores of this group will be higher than the scores of the face-to-face ACT group and the waitlist control group. This study aims to assess the efficacy of a combined intervention for psychological flexibility and associated symptoms in cancer patients. The results of this protocol may help to consider the use of acceptation and commitment therapy and mhealth applications in cancer settings as a valid therapeutic choice.Clinical Trial Registration[www.ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [NCT05126823]. (shrink)

Editor's suggested further reading in BioEssays: Evolution in response to climate change: In pursuit of the missing evidence AbstractHow will fish that evolved at constant sub‐zero temperatures cope with global warming? Notothenioids as a case study Abstract.

In this work, we shall study structural abduction and how ways of searching for solutions to the corresponding abductive problems could be modeled. Specifically, we shall define modal semantic tableaux for normal modal systems and study its applications to structural abduction. This method even makes structural abduction clearer and, as it shall be seen, when a radical change of logic is epistemologically required, the corresponding tableau will have pertinent information to suggest it.

Despite recent efforts by the Artificial Intelligence (AI) community to move towards standardised procedures for documenting models, methods, systems or datasets, there is currently no methodology focused on use cases aligned with the risk-based approach of the European AI Act (AI Act). In this paper, we propose a new framework for the documentation of use cases that we call use case cards, based on the use case modelling included in the Unified Markup Language (UML) standard. Unlike other documentation methodologies, we (...) focus on the intended purpose and operational use of an AI system. It consists of two main parts: firstly, a UML-based template, tailored to allow implicitly assessing the risk level of the AI system and defining relevant requirements, and secondly, a supporting UML diagram designed to provide information about the system-user interactions and relationships. The proposed framework is the result of a co-design process involving a relevant team of EU policy experts and scientists. We have validated our proposal with 11 experts with different backgrounds and a reasonable knowledge of the AI Act as a prerequisite. We provide the 5 use case cards used in the co-design and validation process. Use case cards allows framing and contextualising use cases in an effective way, and we hope this methodology can be a useful tool for policy makers and providers for documenting use cases, assessing the risk level, adapting the different requirements and building a catalogue of existing usages of AI. (shrink)

Adaptive optics are techniques used for processing the spatial resolution of astronomical images taken from large ground-based telescopes. In this work, computational results are presented for a modified curvature sensor, the tomographic pupil image wavefront sensor, which measures the turbulence of the atmosphere, expressed in terms of an expansion over Zernike polynomials. Convolutional neural networks are presented as an alternative to the TPI-WFS reconstruction. This technique is a machine learning model of the family of artificial neural networks, which are widely (...) known for its performance as modeling and prediction technique in complex systems. Results obtained from the reconstruction of the networks are compared with the TPI-WFS reconstruction by estimating errors and optical measurements. The reconstructed wavefronts from both techniques are compared for wavefronts of 153 Zernike modes. For this case, a detailed comparison and grid search to find the most suitable neural network is performed, searching between multi-layer perceptron, CNN and recurrent networks topologies. In general, the best network was a CNN trained for TPI-WFS reconstruction, achieving better performance than the reconstruction software from TPI-WFS in most of the turbulent profiles, but the most significant improvements were found for higher turbulent profiles that have the lowest r0 values. (shrink)

El presente artículo recoge una conferencia inédita. Por un lado, el autor se centra en examinar los usos impropios de la noción de dialéctica, rechazando su concepción como lógica alternativa a la formal, como ciencia o como método en un sentido estricto. Por otro lado, muestra una caracterización de la dialéctica como una «metódica» en sentido amplio que se propone captar totalidades concretas en su despliegue desde un punto de vista materialista, histórico y crítico, con finalidades emancipatorias, cuya cientificidad sólo (...) podría admitirse si se entiende en un sentido subordinado. (shrink)

Se problematiza la conexión entre la libertad práctica y trascendental en la Crítica de la razón pura. La intención es explicitar las dificultades que enfrenta Kant al relacionar estos sentidos de libertad dentro del marco de la filosofía crítica. Por lo general, los intérpretes entienden la relación entre estos dos sentidos de libertad como ontológica o como conceptual. Se quiere mostrar que ninguna de estas interpretaciones alcanza a superar los presuntos dogmatismos racionalista y empirista que, en conformidad con Kant, sustentan (...) las posturas del proponente de la Tesis y de la Antítesis, respectivamente. The article discusses the connection between practical and transcendental freedom in the Critique of Pure Reason, in order to reveal the difficulties faced by Kant when he relates these two meanings of freedom in the context of critical philosophy. Interpreters have generally understood the relation between these two meanings of freedom as ontological or conceptual. The objective of this article, however, is to show that neither of those interpretations manages to overcome the rationalist and empiricist dogmatism that, according to Kant, support the positions of the proponents of the Thesis and the Antithesis, respectively. (shrink)

In this article are treated, in general strokes, the methodological foundations of the Diccionario de conceptos políticos y sociales de la España de los siglos XIX y XX which has been published recently under the direction of the above mentioned editors. This dictionary in which nearly 200 authors of different Spanish universities and centres of research have collaborated collects more than 100 articles. It is partly inspired by the German Begriffsgeschichte. Its editors, however, have also taken into account the contribution (...) of the famous school of Cambridge by adapting the influences of several methodological currents to the specific claims of their work, i. e. to the elaboration of a dictionary which, on the basis of a huge volume of sources, pretends to cartograph, in an alphabetical order, the principal ideological lines – the discoursive and conceptual ones – of the Spanish 19th century. The article ends with a discussion of certain difficulties and aspects which are treated controversally in the intellectual history. It also claims to give a reflexion on the suitability and meaning which can – in the actual situation of the social sciences – pretend to determine the studies of political languages, especially the basic essays concerning the comparative history of political and social thinking under a conceptual perspective. (shrink)

Son de sobras conocidas la repercusión y la transcendencia que la tesis de los ciclos históricos posee en la obra de Vico, en una secuencia ininterrumpida que abarca desde las Orationes inaugurales a la Scienza Nuova. Iniciamos con este primer trabajo centrado en Polibio una indagación destinada a arrojar luz acerca de sus posibles predecesores directos o indirectos a tal respecto.Palabras clave: Polibio, Vico, anakyklosis, ciclo, constitución, república.The importance and transcendence of Vico’s thesis on historical cycles is well known: an (...) uninterrupted sequence that extends from the Orationes Inaugurales to the New Science. This paper, focussed on Polybius, is the starting point of a research on its possible direct or indirect predecessors.Keywords: Polybius, Vico, anakyklosis, cycle, constitution, republic. (shrink)

ObjectiveTo investigate the association of pre-existing migraine in patients hospitalised and who recovered from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection with the presence of post-coronavirus disease symptoms.BackgroundNo study has investigated the role of migraine as a risk factor for development of post-COVID symptoms.MethodsA case-control study including individuals hospitalised during the first wave of the pandemic was conducted. Patients with confirmed previous diagnosis of migraine were considered cases. Two age- and sex-matched individuals without a history of headache per case were (...) also recruited as controls. Hospitalisation/clinical data were collected from hospital medical records. Patients were scheduled for a telephone interview. A list of post-COVID symptoms was systematically evaluated, but participants were invited to freely report any symptom. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were used to assess anxiety/depressive symptoms and sleep quality. Multivariable conditional logistic regression models were constructed.ResultsOverall, 57 patients with confirmed diagnosis of migraine and 144 non-migraine controls who had recovered from COVID-19 were assessed at 7.3 months after hospital discharge. The number of post-COVID symptoms in the migraine group was significantly greater than in the non-migraine group. Fatigue was significantly more prevalent in the migraine group. However, no between-groups difference in the prevalence of headache as a post-COVID symptom was detected.ConclusionPatients with a history of migraine who recovered from COVID-19 exhibited more long-term fatigue as post-COVID sequelae than those without migraine. Some of the pathophysiological changes associated with migraine could predispose to the occurrence of post-COVID symptoms. (shrink)